exploring early india up to c ad 1300 pdf

There was severe famine in Egypt and the country was devastated by the inroads of the Hyksos.

The migration of ancestors of Israelities (2100-1700 BCE), referred to in the Bible, is said to be due to aridity.

It was around 2200-1900 BCE that the Akkadian (Greek) empire, with which the Harappans had profitable trade, was tottering. In Egypt, the Nile flood data shows high water levels in the fourth and third millennia BCE but they started lowering from second millennium. The beginning of second Millennium BCE witnessed the decline of civilizations in West Asia. Further the researchers said that the skeletal remains found in the upper part of the citadel area of Mohenjo Daro belonged to those who died due to floods and not massacred by the Aryans as hypothesized by Mortimer Wheeler.(Pune Mirror,Sept.7,2019). The Harappa However, with publication recent research paper with DNA results on Rakhigari in CELL Journal (September 2019).There were many many theories about the genetic origin of Harappans, linking them to Southeast Asian hunter-gatherers, the Neolithic Iranian farmers and even the Steppe pastoralists. As in Egypt and Mesopotamia, this development was coincided with densification of settlements along the rivers. This site is dated as old as the sites in Beluchistan plateau which were once considered as the oldest in the Sub-continent. The earliest recognizable Harappan site is Bhirrana in Haryana, on the banks of the dried up Sarasavati-Ghaggar.

The Harappan civilization went through three phases of its growth and decline. It is known that by 3200 BCE, there emerged a large number of Harappan settlements on both the Sarasvati and Indus basins and at about the same time that Egypt was being unified. In the recent researches on Ancient India, we find the establishment of first urban settlements in the Sub-continent was from about c.3200 to 2600 BCE, which has been termed as Harappan civilization.

Exploring early india up to c ad 1300 pdf